Ed Lamb (Brasenose College): 'Reinvestigating the Stoic personae theory'
Abstract: In this talk, I reinvestigate Cicero’s personae theory (De Officiis 1.107-121). Previous scholars have suggested that the theory, modelled on Panaetius, represents a significant diversion from Stoic orthodoxy in two ways. First, the second persona (individual nature) seems to conflict with universal reason. Second, the theory seems to represent a departure from interest in the idealised vision of the Stoic sage. I argue against both interpretations. I begin by examining the text of De Officiis itself and argue that we have good reason to consider the first two personae compatible. The problems posed by Cicero’s vicious exempla are resolved by distinguishing between undeveloped natural attributes or dispositions and the way they are used. Next, I show that there is strong evidence from Diogenes Laertius and Stobaeus that the Old Stoa had already developed notions of indifferents ‘in the soul’ like memory, which vary between individuals; Panaetian dispositions should be understood in a similar way and aid our understanding of appropriate action. Finally, I demonstrate how the personae theory is not only compatible with the idea of the Stoic sage but enriches this ideal by revealing the individuality of the wise person.
